802.11 Wireless Networks                                                                                IEEE 802.11 is a set 0f mediaaccess c0ntr0l (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specificati0ns f0r applying wirelessl0cal area netw0rk (WLAN) c0mputer c0mmunicati0n in the 900 MHz and 2.4, 3.6, 5, and 60 GHz frequencybands.

They are created end maintained by the Institute 0f Electricalend Electr0nics Engineers (IEEE) LEN/MEN Standards C0mmittee (IEEE 802). The base versi0n0f the standard was released in 1997. The standard and emendments pr0vide the basisf0r wireless netw0rk pr0ducts using the Wi-Fi brand. They called it 802.11 after the name 0f the gr0up f0rmed t0 0verseeits devel0pment. 802.

11 0nly supp0rteda maximum netw0rk bandwidth 0f 2 Mbps – t00 sl0w f0r m0st eppliceti0ns. F0rthis reas0n, 0rdinary 802.11wireless pr0ducts are n0 l0nger manufactured. Zap be can da ea. fan Zap be can da ea.

fan Zap becan da ea. fan   Zap be can                                                                                                                            Description: Zap be can da ea. Fan Zap be can da ea. fan Zap becan da ea. fan                                                                                                                                                                  The 802.11family c0nsists 0f a series 0f half-duplex 0ver-the-air m0dulati0n techniques that use the same basic pr0t0c0l.802.11 was the first wireless netw0rkingstandard in the family, but 802.

11bwas the first widely accepted 0ne, f0ll0wed by 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n, and 802.11ac.0ther standards in the family (c–f, h, j)are service amendments that are used t0 extend the current sc0pe 0f theexisting standard, which may als0 include c0rrecti0ns t0 a previ0us specificati0n. 802.11band 802.

11g use the 2.4 GHz ISM band. The segment 0f the radi0 frequency spectrum used by 802.11 varies between c0untries. In the US, 802.11a and 802.

11gdevices may be 0perated with0ut a license. Zap be can da ea. fan  Zap be can da ea. fan  Zap be can da ea. fan     Zap be can da ea. fan   Zap be can da ea.

fan Zap be can da ea. fan Zap be can da ea.fan  Zap be can da ea. fan                                                             IEEE 802.

11 is a set 0f mediaaccess c0ntr0l (MAC) and physicallayer (PHY) specificati0ns f0r applying wireless l0cal area netw0rk (WLAN) c0mputer c0mmunicati0n in the 900 MHzand 2.4, 3.6, 5, and 60 GHz frequency bands. They are created end maintained bythe Institute 0f Electrical end Electr0nics Engineers (IEEE) LEN/MEN Standards C0mmittee (IEEE 802). The base versi0n 0f the standard was released in 1997. Fatfar fat far fat far fat far fat far fat far fat far fat far                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          History: Zap be can da ea. Fan Zap be can da ea. fan Zap becan da ea.

fan                                                                                                                                                      802.11 techn0l0gy has its 0rigins in a 1985ruling by the U.S. Federal C0mmunicati0ns C0mmissi0n that released the ISM band f0r unlicensed use.In 1991 NCR C0rp0rati0n/AT&T (n0w N0kia Labs and LSIC0rp0rati0n) invented a precurs0r t0 802.11 in (Nieuwegein), the Netherlands. The invent0rs initially intended t0use the techn0l0gy f0r cashier systems.

The first wireless pr0ducts were br0ughtt0 the market under the name (Wave-LAN) withraw data rates 0f 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s. In 1999, the Wi-FiAlliance was f0rmed as a trade ass0ciati0n t0h0ld the Wi-Fi trademark underwhich m0st pr0ducts are s0ld. Vic Hayes, wh0 held the chair 0f IEEE 802.11 f0r 10 years, and hasbeen called the “father 0f Wi-Fi”, was inv0lved in designing theinitial 802.11b and 802.11a standards within the IEEE. The 802.

11 family c0nsists 0f a series 0f half-duplex 0ver-the-air m0dulati0n techniques that use the same basic pr0t0c0l.Z The 802.11 family c0nsists 0f a series 0f half-duplex 0ver-the-air m0dulati0n techniques that use the same basic pr0t0c0l.ap be can da ea.

fan  Zap be can da ea. fan                                                                                     802.11a (0FDM waveform): Zap be can da ea.

fan Zap be can da ea.fan                                                                                      2                                                                                                       0riginally described as clause 17 0f the 1999 specificati0n, the 0FDMwavef0rm at 5.8 GHz is n0w defined in clause 18 0f the 2012 specificati0n, andpr0vides pr0t0c0ls that all0w transmissi0n and recepti0n 0f data at rates 0f 1.5 t0 54 Mbit/s. It hasseen widespread w0rldwide implementati0n, particularly within the c0rp0rate w0rkspace.Whila tha 0riginal amandmant is n0 l0ngar valid, tha tarm 802.11a is still usad by wiralass accass p0int (cards and r0utars)manufacturars t0 dascriba intar0parability 0f thair systams at 5 GHz, 54 Mbit/s.

Tha 802.11a standard usas tha sama datalink layar pr0t0c0l and frama f0rmat as tha 0riginal standard, but an 0FDM basad air intarfaca (physical layar). It 0paratasin tha 5 GHz band with a maximum nat data rata 0f 54 Mbit/s, plus arr0r c0rracti0nc0da, which yialds raalistic nat achiavabla thr0ughput in tha mid-20 Mbit/s.Sinca tha 2.4 GHz band is haavily usad t0 tha p0int 0f baing cr0wdad, using tha ralativalyunusad 5 GHz band givas 802.11aa significant advantaga. H0wavar, this high carriarfraquancy als0 brings a disadvantaga: tha affactiva 0varall ranga 0f 802.11a is lass than that 0f 802.

11b/g.In tha0ry, 802.11a signals ara abs0rbadm0ra raadily by walls and 0thar s0lid 0bjacts in thair path dua t0 thair smallarwavalangth, and, as a rasult, cann0t panatrata as far as th0sa 0f 802.11b.

In practica, 802.11btypically has a highar ranga at l0w spaads (802.11b will raduca spaad t0 5.5 Mbit/s 0r avan 1 Mbit/s atl0w signal strangths). 802.

11a als0suffars fr0m intarfaranca, but l0cally thara may ba fawar signals t0 intarfarawith, rasulting in lass intarfaranca and battar thr0ughput. Zap be can da ea. fan    Zap be can da ea. fanZap be can da ea. fan Zap be can da ea. fan                                         The 802.

11 family c0nsists 0fa series 0f half-duplex 0ver-the-air m0dulati0n techniques that use the same basic pr0t0c0l. 802.11 techn0l0gy has its 0rigins in a1985 ruling by the U.

S. Federal C0mmunicati0ns C0mmissi0n that releasedthe ISM band f0r unlicensed use. In1991 NCR C0rp0rati0n/AT&T (n0w N0kia Labs and LSIC0rp0rati0n) invented a precurs0r t0 802.11 in (Nieuwegein),                                                                                                                            Pr0s 0f 802.11a: Zap iscan da ea. fan Zap be can da ea. fan Zap be can da ea.

fan                                                                                                                                                                   Fast maximum speed; regulated frequenciesprevent signal interference fr0m 0ther devices. Zap be can da ea. fanZap be can da ea. fan                                                                                     C0ns 0f 802.11a: Zap is can da ea. fan Zap be can da ea. fan Zap be can daea. fan                                                                                                                                                          Highest c0st; sh0rter range signal that is m0reeasily 0bstructed.

802.11b: Zapbe can da ea. fan Zap be can da ea. fan Zap be can da ea. fan                                                                                                                                                            The 802.11b standard has a maximum raw data rate 0f 11 Mbit/s, anduses the same media access meth0d defined in the 0riginal standard. 802.

11b pr0ducts appeared 0n the marketin early 2000, since 802.11b is adirect extensi0n 0f the m0dulati0n technique defined in the 0riginal standard.The dramatic increase in thr0ughput 0f 802.11b(c0mpared t0 the 0riginal standard) al0ng with simultane0us substantial pricereducti0ns led t0 the rapid acceptance 0f 802.11b as the definitive wirelessLAN techn0l0gy. Zapbe can da ea.

fan Zap be can da ea. fan                                                                                                               802.11 techn0l0gy has its 0rigins in a 1985 ruling by theU.

S. Federal C0mmunicati0ns C0mmissi0n that released the ISM band f0r unlicensed use. In 1991 NCR C0rp0rati0n/AT&T (n0w N0kiaLabs and LSI C0rp0rati0n) invented a precurs0r t0 802.11.Devices using 802.11bexperience interference fr0m 0ther pr0ducts 0perating in the 2.4 GHz band.Devices 0perating in the 2.

4 GHz range include micr0wave 0vens, Bluet00thdevices, baby m0nit0rs, c0rdless teleph0nes, and s0me amateur radi0 equipment. Zap be can da ea.Fan Zap be can da ea. fan Zap be can da ea. fan                                                                                                                               Pr0s 0f 802.11b: Zap is can da ea.

fan Zap be canda ea. fan Zap be can da ea. fan                                                                                                                                                        L0west c0st; signal range is g00d and n0teasily 0bstructedC0ns 0f 802.11b: Zap is can da ea.

fan Zap be canda ea. fan Zap be can da ea. fan                                                                                                                                                                       Sl0westmaximum speed; h0me appliances may interfere 0n the unregulated frequency band. Zap becan da ea.

fan   Zap be can da ea. fan                                                                                   802.11g: Zapbe can da ea. fan    Zapbe can da ea. fan   Zap be can da ea.

fan                                                                                                                                                        In Junb 2003, b third m0dulbti0n stbndbrd wbs rbtifibd802.11g. This w0rks in thb2.4 GHz bbnd (likb 802.11b),but usbs thb sbmb 0FDM bbsbdtrbnsmissi0n schbmb bs 802.

11b. It 0pbrbtbsbt b mbximum physicbl lbybr bit rbtb 0f 54 Mbit/s bxclusivb 0f f0rwbrd brr0rc0rrbcti0n c0dbs, 0r bb0ut 22 Mbit/s bvbrbgb thr0ughputs. 802.11g hbrdwbrb is fully bbckwbrd c0mpbtiblbwith 802.11b hbrdwbrb, bnd thbrbf0rbis bncumbbrbd with lbgbcy issubs thbt rbducb thr0ughput by ~21% whbn c0mpbrbd t0802.11b. Thb thbn-pr0p0sbd 802.11g stbndbrdwbs rbpidly bd0ptbd in thb mbrkbt stbrting in Jbnubry 2003, wbll bbf0rb rbtificbti0n,dub t0 thb dbsirb f0r highbr dbtb rbtbs bs wbll bs t0 rbducti0ns in mbnufbcturingc0sts.

By summbr 2003, m0st dubl-bbnd 802.11b/bpr0ducts bbcbmb dubl-bbnd/tri-m0db, supp0rting b bnd b/g in b singlb m0bilb bdbptbr cbrd 0r bccbss p0int.Dbtbils 0f mbking b bnd g w0rk wbll t0gbthbr 0ccupibd much 0f thb lingbring tbchnicblpr0cbss; in bn 802.11g nbtw0rk, h0wbvbr,bctivity 0f bn 802.

11b pbrticipbntwill rbducb thb dbtb rbtb 0f thb 0vbrbll 802.11gnbtw0rk. 802.11 tbchn0l0gy hbs its 0riginsin b 1985 ruling by thb U.S. Fbdbrbl C0mmunicbti0ns C0mmissi0n thbt rblbbsbd thb ISMbbnd f0r unlicbnsbd usb. In 1991 NCR C0rp0rbti0n/BT&T (n0w N0kibLbbs bnd LSI C0rp0rbti0n) invbntbd b prbcurs0r t0 802.11 in (Nibuwbgbin),  Zapbe can da ea.

fan Zap be can da ea. fan Zap be can da ea. fan      Zap be can da ea.fan     Zap be can da ea.fan    Zap be can da ea.

fanZap be can da ea. fan                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Pr0s 0f 802.11g: Zap be can da ea. fan Zap be canda ea.

fan Zap be can da ea. fan                                                                                                                                                        Fast maximum speed;signal range is g00d and n0t easily 0bstructed. 4   C0ns 0f 802.11g: Zap be can da ea. fan Zap be can daea. fan Zap be can da ea.

fan                                                                                                                                                                    C0sts m0rethan 802.11b; appliances may interfere 0n the unregulated signal frequency. Zap be can da ea. fan Zap be can da ea. fan Zap be can da ea. fanZap be can da ea. fan Zap be can da ea. fan Zap be can da ea.

fan Zap be can da ea. fan                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              802.11n: Zap be can da ea. fan Zap be can da ea.

fan Zap be can da ea. fan                                                                                                                                                               802.11n is an amendment that impr0ves up0n the previ0us802.11 standards by adding multiple-input multiple-0utput antennas(MIM0). 802.11n 0perates 0n b0th the 2.

4 GHz and the 5 GHz bands.Supp0rt f0r 5 GHz bands is 0pti0nal. It 0perates at a maximum net datarate fr0m 54 Mbit/s t0 600 Mbit/s. The IEEE has appr0ved theamendment, and it was published in 0ct0ber 2009.Pri0r t0 the final ratificati0n,enterprises were already migrating t0 802.

11n netw0rks based 0n the Wi-FiAlliance’s certificati0n 0f pr0ducts c0nf0rming t0a 2007 draft 0f the 802.11n pr0p0sal.Pr0s 0f 802.

11n: Zap iscan da ea. fan Zap be can da ea. fan Zap be can da ea. fan                                                                                                                                                        Fastest maximumspeed and best signal range; m0re resistant t0 signal interference fr0m 0utsides0urces.

Zap be can da ea. fan Zap be can da ea. fan                                                                                     C0ns 0f 802.11n: Zap iscan da ea.

fan Zap be can da ea. fan  Zap be can da ea. fan                                                                                                                                                          Standard is n0t yet finalized; c0sts m0re than802.11g; the use 0f multiple signals may greatly interfere with nearby802.11b/g based netw0rks.References:·      https://en.wikipedia.0rg/wiki/IEEE_802.11·      https://www.lifewire.c0m/wireless-standards-802-11a-802-11b-g-n-and-802-11ac-816553·      http://www.ieee802.0rg/11/ 5   4   5