Trying to convey a message by denying the opposite of what you mean.Example = “That sword was not useless to the warrior now.”

Kenning: Serves the purpose of metaphorExample = Helmet bearers for Warriors

What is said is the opposite of what is meant.Example = Referring to Lady Macbeth as “Gentle Lady.”

Smaller stories within a story.Example = Canterbury tales is a framed narrative.

Character whose personality is opposite to another.Example = Cinderella’s sisters were mean. They could be called foils to show how good Cinderella was.

Telling something that is not false, but doesn’t reveal the unpleasant truth.Example = Witches telling Macbeth about becoming King, but hiding the path he would take to attain it.

Referring to something outside the text. (History, Literature, Famous event.)Example = Her love for the man was her Achilles heal.

–> Achilles heal = Allusion

Hinting to something that is to come.

Loyalty to the kingExample = “We only serve you my Lord.”

A long poem about a hero’s deedExample = Beowulf

Main character of the epicExample = Beowulf

AA, BB, CC Rhyme Scheme

Something that is said to the audience.

Not the character.

Addressing an someone or an imaginary personExample = Macbeth seeing apparition at the Banquet

A recurring element in a story

A poem dedicated to someone / thing

A contradictory statement.Example = silent scream

A situation that defies logic. Self contradictory statement. Example = Going back in time to kill your dad/mom..

.how would you be there to go back in time?

When an animal or object is given human characteristics

A stanza of 4 lines.

Courtly love, ChivalryExample = Sir Gawain

Bring out the bad characteristics to show good ones.Example = Homer in Simpsons.

They make fun of his obesity and stupidity, but it teaches morals and lessons.

Addresses corruption in society through a narrative. More abrasive and addresses evils.Example = LOTF. Showing the evil side of man and human nature.

Comparison using like or as.Example = ……Pretty self explanatory

A speech made to one’s selfExample: “If it were done when tis done.”

14 Lines.Every other line rhymes except the ending couplet.

A person with flaws that brings on a tragedy.Example = Macbeth