Therapeutic Ultrasound Mahsa Keykhali Electrical and Electronics Engineering dept,

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Last updated: September 6, 2019

Therapeutic Ultrasound Mahsa Keykhali Electrical andElectronics Engineering dept, METU, [email protected] Abstract This research study is an inspection oftherapeutic ultrasound. The concept of curative ultrasound is analyzed withconcentration on primaries of ultrasonic physics and ultrasonic medication.

Analogyof therapeutic ultrasound and diagnostic ultrasound is proposed. Low intensity andhigh intensity applications of remedial ultrasound are inspected, followed by aconsolidation on High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) technology. Theunderlying doctrines and the delivery systems are proposed. Moreover, the main utilizationof remedial ultrasonic in prostate cancer curation plus the breast cancerremedies and finally in abolishing kidney crystals were examined.      1. Introduction Kidney crystals examination and diagnosis of thepregnancy are the handiest utilization of diagnostic ultrasound. Most recently,researchers could discover the ultrasonic appliance in curation referred to astherapeutic ultrasound 1.

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First Wood and Loomis in 1927 could discover thatultrasound can interact with tissues leads to some biological changes 2, 3. Followingthis study, in 3 the function of ultrasound healing in hyperthermic cancertreatment was proposed. 3 representing the various therapeutic applicationsof ultrasound. According to this study, tissue heating application ofultrasound was the first application of ultrasound for example, for treatmentof injury. In 2, low power and high power ultrasonic remedy wasinspected. Referring to this study, the low power ultrasonic remedy includedthe physiotherapy, fracture repair, sonophoresis and some other utilizationswhile, the high power application of ultrasound encompasses the High IntensityFocused Ultrasound (HIFU) and lithotripsy.

4 is analyzing the high-intensity focused ultrasoundfunction in noninvasive breast cancer remedy. In 10, targeted microbubblesare introduced as an innovative tool of kidney crystals curation.More recently, a thesis published 5 performing ofthe multi-physics computational modelling of focused ultrasound therapy.Besides, 6 is proposing a 2D MRI compatible robot designed and implementedfor prostate cancer medication.This research study is an explanation for therapeuticultrasound. Studding the nature of acoustic waves constructed the first stageof this study. Followed by the investigating the houses of the acoustic medium.Density, speed of the sound compressibility and absorption were investigated.

Explaining the acoustic wave equities was covered thenext stage. Inspecting the aftermaths that ultrasonic waves can have on thetissues was implemented. After elemental explanation of the ultrasonic physics,the main concepts of ultrasonic curation were presented. HIFU, the most offbeattechnology that used ultrasonic waves for curation purpose was demonstrated.Underlying doctrines were covered with details. In coming points the utilizationof remedial ultrasonic in prostate cancer curation plus the breast cancerremedy and finally in abolishing kidney crystals were examined.  2.

Ultrasound Physics Regional variations of the fields inside theintermediate create sound. Vibrating the molecules is a representor of the engrainedmechanical energy in the medium. Withal, medium’s elasticity forced evicted theparticle to restore it to its initial position.

Acoustic energy breeding withinthe intermediate in the form of a wave is a resultant of the oscillation andthe interaction between different particles. When sound is the purpose, thesewaves referred to as acoustic waves. Consequently, a medium to propagate isessential for sound. Intermediate compressions and rarefactions are twotypes of acoustic wave reproduction forms. Audible are acoustic waves offrequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz while ultrasound or ultrasonic wavesacquire higher frequencies 6. 2.

1. Acoustic Medium Properties Equities belong to the acoustic nature encompasseswith density, sound speed, absorption and characteristic impedance. Relation ofmass and volume of the intermediate designate the density. Travelling speed ofthe sound indoors the median delineate the sound speed. Density andcompressibility are deterministic factors in sound speed. Compressibility onthe other hand, is scoped as the reaction of the volume to the appliedpressure.

 One more tract of the acousticintermediate is absorption, a miracle of conversion of kinetic energy to thethermal one. The last but ingrained equity of a median is CharacteristicAcoustic Impedance. 2.2. Acoustic Wave Properties Acoustic wave erected by acoustic Intensity, reflectionand refraction, diffraction, scattering and attenuation. Breeding of thekinetic energy in a certain time in an area terminated to acoustic intensity.

Farther eminent estates of acoustic wave are reflection and refraction 6. Diffraction is illustrated as wave growing resultantby encroach of an incident wave upon a finite length barrier plus edges. Conveyof the acoustic wave though the dissonant intermediate corresponds to thescattering. Exponentially reduction of the acoustic pressure and intensityamplitude determines the attenuation.  2.3. Physical Effects of Ultrasound Ultrasonic physical effects are pigeonholed in to thermaleffects and nonthermal aftermaths. Thermal aftermaths are merger of temperatureaftereffect of the alteration of acoustic energy into heat.

Force of radiation,acoustic streaming and the microbubbles formation and cavitation forged the nonthermalramifications that are mostly mechanical in nature. Encountering a reflective surface, radiation pressurewill exert a radiation force on that interface, attempting to ‘push’ it alongthe direction of propagation. Non-oscillatory, fluidic motion created by the radiation force when anacoustic wave is propagating in a fluid, is called acoustic streaming.  Interaction of an acoustic field and microscopicbodies of gas in any intermediate or tissue prescribes the acoustic cavitation.Figure 1 is an exemplification of the stable and inertial cavitation which istwo species of cavitation that discussed in detail in 6.Fig.1.

Microbubble inertial cavitation, by reaching the detracting sizethe bubble collapses 6. Bestow the figure 1, an exemplification of theinertial cavitation is shown. As demonstrated in figure 1, bubbles are expandeddue to the compressions and rarefactions but after passing the detracting sizethey collapse. 3. Ultrasonic Therapy Indicative ultrasonic and curative ultrasonic conceivethe appliances of ultrasound in medicine. Indicative ultrasound due to its lowsignal level has no repercussion on the tissues. As long as, the remedyultrasonic aftermaths the tissues since its signal level is relatively high dependingon the dissimilar curation conditions. Accessing images with good spatial andtemporal resolution, using sufficient S/N ratio to glean required analyzinginformation of a significant cellular effect is performed in analyzing appliances.

Capricious and no capricious modifications are implemented in ultrasoniccuration. Low intensity and high intensity functions are themajor appliances of the curation ultrasonic. Arousing normal physiologicalresponses to injury, or to accelerate some processes such as the transport ofdrugs across the skin builds the low intensity curation designation. Physiotherapy,mending of bone and drug uptake constructs the most important appliances of thelow intensity ultrasonic. Although, high intensity remedy intention is ratherto selectively destroy tissue in a controlled fashion embroil mostly HIFU utilizations.

In physiotherapy utilization of curation ultrasonic, thesound is directly coupled in to the patient through a thin layer of couplingmedium. The most extensive appliance of ultrasonic is cancerremedy. In hyperthermic cancer medication, ultrasonic builds the heating sourceeither on its own or with radon or chemotherapy. Achieving uniform temperaturedistribution 43–45°C in the tumor while keeping surrounding normal tissues atacceptable physiological levels the major ambition of this technique. Commonproblem is the narrow dividing line between temperatures (energy source shouldknow the temperature distribution) is the trivial issue. Focused Ultrasound isa solution.  4.

HIFU Applying high intensity focused ultrasonic beams as atissue abscission technique is called HIFU or FUS (Focused Ultrasound Surgery).Underlying proposition in the FUS is that a high intensity ultrasound beambrought to a tight focus may kill cells lying within the focal volume while allother tissues in the ultrasound beam path are spared. This gives a method ofselective tissue ablation at depth within tissue.In this section, HIFU removal of tissues, remedialultrasonic in prostate cancer curation plus the breast cancer remedy andfinally in abolishing kidney crystals will be proposed. 4.1. HIFU Removal of Tissues The ultrasonic approach that used focused ultrasonichoused high intensity is an attractive method in medical places. The reason forthis appealing is providing a non-invasive remedy for removal of canceroustissues.

This technique ranked first among other thermal remedy techniques sinceit is no requirement for the transcutaneous insertion of probes into the targettissue. The volume of the tissue can be heated briskly in two ways, by placingthe probes outside the body or inside the rectum.Establishing HIFU focus at depth inside soft tissuewill augment the temperature at the focus leads to thermal necrosis at thoselevels. The temperatures elsewhere remained at levels close to their initialvalues. b   Fig. 2. HIFU precept depiction (b) Minglingremoval area construction depiction 1 Figure 2, shows the principles of HIFU.

Figure 2. a isthe fundamental demonstration of HIFU while, figure 2. b illustrates the movingdemand in HIFU.HIFU treatment delivery systems build of Extra-corporeal andinterstitial equipment.

Transducer, a signal generator, amplifier, matchingcircuitry to maximize the electro-acoustic efficiency, a power meter, and insome cases a method of cooling the transducer are the same forged the underlyingcomponents. Using the single element transducer is the simplest approach thatencompasses focusing requirement of HIFU. Such transducers are limited in thatthey can only provide a fixed focus and a mechanical shifting is prescribed. Multi-elementtransducer arrays are the more common surrogate procedure.Extracorporeal HIFU medications are directed usingeither Ultra Sound (US) or MRI. Where US is used to guide and monitor HIFUtreatments, the diagnostic transducer is incorporated into the treatment headallowing to real time imaging of the extirpation mechanism. Interstitialdevices use plane transducers rather than focusing elements, and volumedestruction is obtained by rotation of the probe.  4.

2. Remedial Ultrasonic in Prostate CancerCuration HIFU curation of prostate cancer is performed underreal-time monitoring with ultrasound or guided by MRI. Achieved images under MRIprocedure have better quality than indicative ultrasonic brig on superior tissuenecrosis contrast. The convention is same as the fundamental HIFU techniquediscussed in previous section. A positioning device is required. A positioning device for prostate cancer curation usingHIFU is proposed in 6. Being as small as possible and position able in frontof the rectum in order to access the patient builds the essentialcharacteristics of this equipment. The available space remaining under thepatient’s legs was taken into account during the design of the positioningdevice 6.

Figure 3, is a demonstration of the designedpositioning device for prostate cancer remedy.Fig. 3. Positioning device on a patient’s table inside an MRIscanner design 1 Ablatherm® with Ultrasound Integrated Imaging, Sonoblate 500 and Focal One are someexamples of available prostate cancer medication devices discussed in detail in7, 8.  4.3.

MRgHIFU Breast Cancer Remedy MR guided HIFU (MRgHIFU) abscission completely non-intrusivemedication procedure. A speedily augment in the temperature of the focal pointis appeared since the ultrasonic focused beam enclose high intensity. Rigorous addressingresultant from MRI, bring on heating the aimed cancerous tissues and noinfluence on all other abutting healthy tissues and the skin. Tissueannihilation is possible in case that for a limited time the temperature of 57–60°C is extended. In case of huge volumes, the expiration is accessibleby applying an intricate approach or volumetric heating procedure. The coolingtime between the separate sonication is a challenge that has to be considered, empoweringthe amassed energy to be diffused. This property makes curations implemented byMR-HIFU almost tedious.

Guiding the central point onward eloquent orbitsconducted in volumetric heating process. The energy source of this procedure isfurnished from the stored heat in previous stage of the procedure in the focalof the tumor. Correspondingly, each sonication erode a huge region resulted inreduction in curation period. (Figure.

4)Fig. 4. Volumetric abscission approach precept depiction 1 Generic approach and dedicated approach construct themajor species of MRgHIFU breast cancer remedy techniques. The aimed tissue sonicationmanner makes the crucial difference between these two sonication mechanisms.

The”generic” approach is extensively employed in medical centers, addressing the canceroustissues of the breast from an anterior direction. Direction of the ultrasonic pilingsmakes the “dedicated approach” mostly dissimilar to the generic approach. The lateralsonication of the breast is possible by situating the ultrasound transducers overthe breast, allowing for lateral sonications (Figure. 5).Fig. 5. breast HIFU abscission (a) Generic approach (b)Dedicated approach 1 Figure 6 is a depiction of dedicated breast cancerremedy system. Eight encompassing transducers are surrounding the cup of the cancerousbreast.

 Fig. 6. (a) Dedicated breast cancer curation (b) eightcircumferentially positioned transducers 1 4.4. Abolishing Kidney Crystals  Ureteroscopic, Extracorpored Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)and Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) are composing the surgical remedy ofKidney crystals. In Ureteroscopic technique, a small fiber optic instrument ispassed through the urethra and bladder in to the ureter abolishing the crystalwith a cage like device or shattered with a special instrument that produces aform of shock wave. High pressure shock waves which pass through thecalculus are produced in ESWL; the crystal is stressed through the appliedpressure. Then fissured and eventually washed out.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is often used whenthe crystal is quiet large or in a location that ESWL is not accessible. Shock wave lithotripsy has generally been a superiorapproach for kidney crystal remedy. An order of microsecond pulse durations andup to a 100 MPa pressure spike triggered at approximately 0.5–2 Hz to fragmentkidney stones through mechanical mechanisms are applied by the shock wavelithotripter. One important mechanism is cavitation. A substitute type oflithotripsy method that maximizes cavitation activity to disintegrate kidneystones using HIFU is proposed in 1.

Fig.7. Typicalshock wave pulse used in SWL 1, a long tail of negative pressure followed thehigh pressure, which exceeds 40 MPa. Dynamic stress in crystal is generated bythe repeated positive and negative pressure. Cavitation is also happened intravelling way.

 Figure 7, is a representation of a typical shock wavepulse in SWL. The stress created from the negative pressure generation afterpositive pressure generation brings on removal of crystal.Focused Ultrasound and Lithotripsy: The first step iscontrol of localized high pressure fluctuation on the stone. The second step ismonitoring of cavitation activity and giving feedback on the optimizedultrasound conditions.

The third step is stone tracking and precise ultrasoundfocusing on the stone.Localized high pressure on kidney crystals includes: CavitationControl Waveform (C-C waveform), observation of cavitation on stones and crystalfragmentation. High frequency ultrasound is designed to produce a localizedcavitation bubble cloud on a crystal, and low frequency ultrasound triggers thebubble cloud into violent collapse.Fig.8. Acoustic pressure of exemplarycavitation control (C-C) waveform. The ultrasound wave is a high frequency oneand a low frequency ultrasound follow immediately after the high frequency wavehas stopped 1. Acoustic pressure of exemplary cavitation is depictedin figure 8.

When the high frequency paused the low frequency is applied. The main problem in removing kidney crystals is organmovement due to respiration, heartbeat, etc. A non-invasive ultrasoundtheragnostic system (NIUTS) was proposed 1 and developed to compensate forbody movement. The NIUTS has a spherical piezoelectric transducer and twoultrasound probes. One of which is located in the center of the piezoelectrictransducer, and the other of which is located on the lateral side of thetransducer.In 10, a novel application for thetreatment of kidney crystals is offered. Traditional ESWL uses an extracorporealenergy source that creates microbubbles at the targeted crystal, and subsequentcavitation leads to cracking the cryatal. Targeted microbubbles eliminate theneed for a large, bulky machine, and these unique microbubbles can be delivereddirectly to the offending stones.

An energy source applied from either anextracorporeal or intracorporeal source can initiate the cavitation process,leading to cracking the cryatal. 5. Conclusions Thermal medications in general provide a minimallyinvasive approach to cancer curation.

HIFU is the least invasive of theavailable vaporized techniques. In this research study therapeutic ultrasound wasintroduced. Studding the nature of acoustic waves constructed the first stageof this study. Followed by the investigating the houses of the acoustic medium.Explaining the acoustic wave equities was covered the next stage. Afterelemental explanation of the ultrasonic physics, the main concepts ofultrasonic curation were presented.

HIFU, the most offbeat technology that usedultrasonic waves for curation purpose was demonstrated. HIFU applications inprostate cancer and breast cancer remedy are analyzed. For Kidney crystalsabolishing focused ultrasound lithotripsy improves cavitation activity. It isless invasive and minimal damage occurred to the tissue. 6. References 1   Escoffre,Jean-Michel, and Ayache Bouakaz, eds. Therapeutic ultrasound. Vol.

880.Springer, 2015.2 Miller D, Smith N, Bailey M, et al. Overview ofTherapeutic Ultrasound Applications and Safety Considerations. Journal ofultrasound in medicine?: official journal of the American Institute ofUltrasound in Medicine. 012;31(4):623-634.3 Ter Haar, Gail. “Therapeuticultrasound.

” European Journal of Ultrasound 9.1 (1999): 3-9.4 Zhou, Yufeng.

“Noninvasive treatment ofbreast cancer using high-intensity focused ultrasound.” J Med ImagingHealth Informatics 3 (2013): 141e56.5 Kyriakou, Adamos. Multi-Physics ComputationalModeling of Focused Ultrasound Therapies. 2015. PhD Thesis. 6 Yiallouras,Christos.

Design of a 2D MRI compatible robot for performing prostate cancertreatment using therapeutic ultrasound. 2015. PhD Thesis.

City UniversityLondon. 7 Ernesto R., et al. “High?intensityfocusedultrasound (HIFU) for definitive treatment of prostate cancer.

” BJUinternational 110.9 (2012): 1228-1242.8 Zhang, Lian, and Zhi-Biao Wang.

“High-intensity focused ultrasound tumor ablation: review of ten years ofclinical experience.” Frontiers of medicine in China 4.3 (2010): 294-302. 9 Hsiao,Yi-Hsuan, et al. “Clinical application of high-intensity focusedultrasound in cancer therapy.

” Journal of Cancer 7.3 (2016): 225.10 Ramaswamy, Krishna, et al. “Targetedmicrobubbles: a novel application for the treatment of kidney stones.” BJUinternational 116.1 (2015): 9-16.

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